МИНИМИЗАЦИЯ КОГНИТИВНЫХ НАРУШЕНИЙ ПРИ ЭЛЕКТРОСУДОРОЖНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ: РЕАЛИИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ (ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ С КОММЕНТАРИЯМИ И РЕКОМЕНДАЦИЯМИ) (II ЧАСТЬ: ПРАКТИЧЕСКАЯ)

Yuriy Vitalevich Bykov, Roman Aleksandrovich Bekker


Аннотация


Электросудорожная терапия (ЭСТ) является высокоэффективным и безопасным методом лечения психических заболеваний, особенно расстройств аффективной сферы. Однако её применение может быть сопряжено с развитием когнитивных нарушений (КН), в частности нарушений памяти, что снижает как терапевтическую эффективность ЭСТ, так и комплаентность больных к ней. В силу этого, минимизация КН имеет важное значение в практике ЭСТ, как для повышения её терапевтической эффективности, так и для повышения комплаентности больных. В настоящем обзоре, в его второй части, мы рассматриваем различные факторы, влияющие на выраженность КН при ЭСТ, и различные методы их минимизации, как связанные с техникой проведения ЭСТ, так и медикаментозные.

Ключевые слова


электросудорожная терапия; когнитивные нарушения; ретроградная амнезия; антероградная амнезия; депрессивные нарушения; патофизиология когнитивных нарушений

Полный текст:

PDF>PDF

Литература


Беккер РА, Быков ЮВ. Когнитивные нарушения при депрессиях: клиническое значение и современные возможности терапии // Психиатрия и психофармакотерапия. 2015;4(17):40-45.

Беккер РА, Быков ЮВ. О роли нейроэндокринных нарушений в патогенезе когнитивной дисфункции при депрессивных состояниях (обзор литературы с комментариями). Consilium Medicum. 2016;04:57-61.

Быков ЮВ. Электросудорожная терапия в практике анестезиолога. Научно-практическое пособие. М.: РИОР, Инфра-М, 2013.

Быков ЮВ, Беккер РА, Резников МК. Депрессии и резистентность. М.: РИОР: ИНФРА-М., 2013. 374 с.

Нельсон АИ. Электросудорожная терапия в психиатрии, наркологии и неврологии. – М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2005 – 368, с.:14-22.

Abdollahi MH, Izadi A, Hajiesmaeili MR et al. Effect of etomidate versus thiopental on major depressive disorder in electroconvulsive therapy, a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial. J ECT. 2012;28(1):10-3.

Abdollahian E, Sargolzaee MR, Hajzade M et al. Effects of desmopressin (DDAVP) on memory impairment following electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2004;16(3):130-7.

Adam LA, Crowe RR. Use of ECT in idiopathic intracranial hypertension. J ECT. 2003;19(4):234-7.

Alizadeh NS, Maroufi A, Jamshidi M, et al. Effect of Memantine on Cognitive Performance in Patients Under Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2015;38(6):236-40.

Allen AP, Naughton M, Dowling J et al. Serum BDNF as a peripheral biomarker of treatment-resistant depression and the rapid antidepressant response: A comparison of ketamine and ECT. J Affect Disord. 2015;186:306-11.

Anand A, Andrade C, Sudha S et al. Phenylephrine and ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. J ECT. 2001;17(3):166-9.

Andrade C, Bolwig TG. Electroconvulsive therapy, hypertensive surge, blood-brain barrier breach, and amnesia: exploring the evidence for a connection. J ECT. 2014;30(2):160-4.

Andrade C, Shaikh SA, Narayan L et al. Administration of a selective glucocorticoid antagonist attenuates electroconvulsive shock-induced retrograde amnesia. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2012;119(3):337-44.

Andrade C, Singh NM, Thyagarajan S et al. glutamatergic and lipid signalling mechanisms in ECT-induced retrograde amnesia: Experimental evidence for involvement of COX-2 and review of literature. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;42:837–50.

Andrade C. ECT and cardiovascular disorders. Arch Indian Psychiatry. 1995;2:105–9.

Andrade C. ECT, hypertensive mechanisms and cognitive dysfunction. Indian J Psychol Med.2000;23:40–1.

Ayhan Y, Akbulut BB, Karahan S et al. Etomidate is associated with longer seizure duration, lower stimulus intensity, and lower number of failed trials in electroconvulsive therapy compared with thiopental.J ECT. 2015;31(1):26-30.

Bagadia VN, Gada MT, Mundra VK et al. A double blind trial of piracetam (UCB 6215) and placebo in cases of post-ECT cognitive deficiency. J Postgrad Med. 1980;26(2):116-20.

Baghai TC, Eser D, Schule C et al. Elektrokonvulsionstherapie bei depressiven Storungen. Journal fur Neurologie, Neurochirurgie und Psychiatrie. 2005;4:20–8.

Baghai TC, Moller HJ. Electroconvulsive therapy and its different indications. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2008;10(1):105-17.

Berman RM, Prudic J, Brakemeier EL et al. Subjective evaluation of the therapeutic and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimul. 2008;1(1):16–26.

Blumberger DM, Hsu JH, Daskalakis ZJ. A Review of Brain Stimulation Treatments for Late-Life Depression. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry. 2015;2(4):413-421.

Bousman CA, Katalinic N, Martin DM et al. Effects of COMT, DRD2, BDNF, and APOE Genotypic Variation on Treatment Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy. J ECT. 2015;31(2):129-35.

Calev A, Fink M, Petrides G et al. Caffeine Pretreatment Enhances Clinical Efficacy and Reduces Cognitive Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy. Convuls Ther. 1993;9(2):95-100.

Cohen MR, Swartz CM. Absence of nimodipine premedication effect on memory after electroconvulsive therapy.Neuropsychobiology. 1990-1991;24(4):165-8.

DeCarli C, Miller BL, Swan GE et al. Cerebrovascular and brain morphologic correlates of mild cognitive impairment in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Twin Study. Archives of Neurology. 2001;58(4):643–7.

Deng ZD, Lisanby S, Peterchev A. Effect of anatomical variability on electric field characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy: a parametric modeling study. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2014 In press.

Deng Z-D, Lisanby SH, Peterchev AV. Controlling stimulation strength and focality in electroconvulsive therapy via current amplitude and electrode size and spacing: comparison with magnetic seizure therapy. J ECT. 2013;29:325–335.

Deng ZD, Lisanby SH, Peterchev AV. Electric field strength and focality in electroconvulsive therapy and magnetic seizure therapy: A finite element study. Journal of Neural Engineering. 2011;8(1):016007.

Derikx RL, van Waarde JA, Verwey B et al. Effects on intracranial pressure of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 2012;28(2):e23-4.

Devanand DP, Decina P, Sackeim HA, Prudic J. Status epilepticus following ECT in a patient receiving theophylline. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1988;8(2):153.

Devanand DP, Sackeim HA, Prudic J. Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment-resistant patient.Psychiatr Clin NAm. 1991;14:905–923.

Dubovsky SL, Buzan R, Thomas M et al. Nicardipine improves the antidepressant action of ECT but does not improve cognition. J ECT. 2001;17(1):3-10.

Dunne RA, McLoughlin DM. Systematic review and meta-analysis of bifrontal electroconvulsive therapy versus bilateral and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy in depression. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry. 2012;13(4):248–258.

ECT review group. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;361:799–808.

Figiel GS, Jarvis MR. Electroconvulsive therapy in a depressed patient receiving bupropion. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol. 1990;10:376.

Figiel GS, Krishnan KR, Doraiswamy PM. Subcortical structural changes in ECT-induced delirium. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol. 1990;3(3):172–176.

Fink M. Complaints of loss of personal memories after electroconvulsive therapy: evidence of a somatoform disorder? Psychosomatics. 2007;48(4):290-3.

Frederiksen SO, d’Elia G, Holsten F. Influence of ACTH 4-10 and unilateral ECT on primary and secondary memory in depressive patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci. 1985;234(5):291-4.

Gao X, Zhuang FZ, Qin SJ et al. Dexmedetomidine protects against learning and memory impairments caused by electroconvulsive shock in depressed rats: Involvement of the NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B)-ERK signaling pathway. Psychiatry Res. 2016;243:446-452.

Garrett KD, Browndyke JN, Whelihan W et al. The neuropsychological profile of vascular cognitive impairment—no dementia: comparisons to patients at risk for cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 2004;19(6):745–757.

Ghafur MS, Saadat M, Maraci MR et al. Comparison between the effect of liothyronine and piracetam on personal information, orientation and mental control in patients under treatment with ECT. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2012;54(2):154–8.

Ghaziuddin N, Laughrin D, Giordani B. Cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy in adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2000;10:269–276.

Glatt SL, Hubble JP, Lyons K et al. Risk factors for dementia in Parksinon’s Disease: Effect of education. Neuroepidemiology.1996;15:20–5.

Grunhaus L, Hirschman S, Dolberg OT et al. Coadministration of melatonin and fluoxetine does not improve the 3-month outcome following ECT. J ECT. 2001;17(2):124-8.

Harish K, Kumar BP, Lal TK. Correlation of oxygen saturation and amnesia during modified conventional electro convulsive therapy. Indian J. Anaesth. 2002; 46(2):130-3.

Holmberg G. The factor of hypoxemia in electroshock therapy.Am J Psychiatry. 1953;110(2):115-8.

Horne RL, Menken MP. Dexamethasone in electroconvulsive therapy. Biopsychiatry. 1984;19:13–27.

Imashuku Y, Kanemoto K, Senda M et al. Relationship between blood levels of propofol and recovery of memory in electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;68(4):270-4.

Imashuku Y, Kanemoto K, Senda M, Matsubara M. Relationship between blood levels of propofol and recovery of memory in electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;68(4):270-4.

Jarventausta K, Chrapek W, Kampman O, Effects of S-ketamine as an anesthetic adjuvant to propofol on treatment response to electroconvulsive therapy in treatment-resistant depression: a randomized pilot study. J ECT. 2013;29(3):158-61.

Jenike MA. ECT and diabetes mellitus. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139(1):136.

Joun P. R. Electroconvulsive therapy. In: Sadock B. J., Sadock V. A., Ruiz P., editors. Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. 9th. New York, NY, USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. pp. 3285–3314.

Kamath S, Andrade C, Faruqi S et al. Evaluation of pre-ECS antihypertensive drug administration in the attenuation of ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. Convuls Ther. 1997;13(3):185-95.

Kargar M, Yoosefi A, Akhondzadeh S et al. Effect of Adjunctive Celecoxib on BDNF in Manic Patients Undergoing Electroconvulsive Therapy: a Randomized Double Blind Controlled Trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2015;48(7):268-73.

Kargar M, Yousefi A, Mojtahedzadeh M et al. Effects of celecoxib on inflammatory markers in bipolar patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised study. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w13880.

Kellner CH, Adams DA, Benferhat A. Further improving the cognitive effect profile of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): the case for studying carbamylated erythropoietin. Med Hypotheses. 2015;84(3):258-61.

Kerner N, Prudic J. Current electroconvulsive therapy practice and research in the geriatric population. Neuropsychiatry (London). 2014;4(1):33-54.

Khan A, Mirolo MH, Claypoole K et al. Effects of low-dose TRH on cognitive deficits in the ECT postictal state. Am J Psychiatry. 1994;151(11):1694-6.

Kida K, Tsuji T, Tanaka S et al. Zinc deficiency with reduced mastication impairs spatial memory in young adult mice. Physiol Behav. 2015;152(Pt A):231-7.

Kim DJ, Yu JH, Shin MS et al. Hyperglycemia Reduces Efficiency of Brain Networks in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes.PLoS One. 2016;11(6):e0157268.

Krahn LE, Gleber E, Rummans TA et al. The effects of electroconvulsive therapy on melatonin. J ECT. 2000;16(4):391-8.

Krause P, Genz A, Knorr W. [Prospective study of the late sequelae of electroconvulsive treatment]Psychiatrie, Neurologie und medizinische Psychologie. 1988;40:532–6.

Krueger RB, Sackeim HA, Gamzu ER. Pharmacological treatment of the cognitive side effects of ECT: a review. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1992;28(4):409-24.

Kucia K, Merk W. The use of ketamine in electroconvulsive therapy. Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49(6):1255-63.

Lee WH, Lisanby SH, Laine AF, Peterchev AV. Elecrtric field characteristics of electroconvulsive therapy with individualized current amplitude: A preclinical study. Conference Proceedings-IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.2013;2013:2082–5.

Lerer B, Shapira B, Calev A et al. Antidepressant and cognitive effects of twice- versus three-times-weekly ECT. Am J Psychiatry.1995;152:564–570.

Lerer B. Electroconvulsive shock and neurotransmitter receptors: implications for mechanism of action and adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry 1984;19:361-83.

Leung M, Hollander Y, Brown GR. Pretreatment with ibuprofen to prevent electroconvulsive therapy-induced headache. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(5):551-3.

Linton CR, Reynolds TP, Warner J. Using thiamine to reduce post-ECT confusion View issue TOC. 2002;17(2):89–192.

Lisanby SH, Luber B, Schlaepfer TE, Sackeim HA. Safety and feasibility of magnetic seizure therapy (MST) in major depression: randomized withinsubject comparison with electroconvulsive therapy.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003;28:1852–1865.

Loo C, Sainsbury K, Sheehan P, Lyndon B. A comparison of RUL ultrabrief pulse (0.3ms) ECT and standard RUL ECT. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008;11:883–890.

Manolio TA, Olson J, Longstreth WT. Hypertension and cognitive function: pathophysiologic effects of hypertension on the brain.Curr Hypertens Rep. 2003;5(3):255-61.

Matthews JD, Siefert CJ, Blais MA. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the impact of galantamine on anterograde memory impairment during electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 2013;29(3):170-8.

McCall WV, Reboussin DM, Weiner RD, Sackeim HA. Titrated Moderately Suprathreshold vs Fixed High-Dose Right Unilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy: Acute Antidepressant and Cognitive Effects. Archives of General Psychiatry.2000;57(5):438–444.

McClintock SM, Choi J, Deng ZD et al. Multifactorial determinants of the neurocognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 2014;30(2):165-76.

McDaniel WW, Sahota AK, Vyas BV et al. Ketamine appears associated with better word recall than etomidate after a course of 6 electroconvulsive therapies.J ECT. 2006;22(2):103-6.

Millis SR, Rosenthal M, Novack TA et al. Long-term neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 2001;16(4):343–355.

Milne B. Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) inhalation as an alternative to electroconvulsive therapy. Med Hypotheses. 2010;74(5):780-1.

Minelli A, Congiu C, Ventriglia M et al. Influence of GRIK4 genetic variants on the electroconvulsive therapy response. Neurosci Lett. 2016;626:94-8.

Moshiri E, Modir H, Bagheri N et al. Premedication effect of dexmedetomidine and alfentanil on seizure time, recovery duration, and hemodynamic responses in electroconvulsive therapy. Ann Card Anaesth. 2016;19(2):263-8.

Mouaffak F, de Premorel A, Helali H et al. Electroconvulsivotherapy augmentation with folate in the treatment of a resistant depression. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2014;37(5):158-9.

Nagaraja N, Andrade C, Sudha S et al. Glucocorticoid mechanisms may contribute to ECT-induced retrograde amnesia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007;190:83–90.

Nahas Z, Short B, Burns C, Archer M et al. A feasibility study of a new method for electrically producing seizures in man: focal electrically administered seizure therapy [FEAST] Brain Stimul. 2013;6:403–8.

O’Connor DW, Gardner B, Eppingstall B, Tofler D. Cognition in elderly patients receiving unilateral and bilateral electroconvulsive therapy: A prospective, naturalistic comparison. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010;124:235–240.

Pande AC, Shea J, Shettar S et al. Effect of hyperventilation on seizure length during electroconvulsive therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 1990;27(7):799-801.

Papakostas GI. Cognitive symptoms in patients wtih major depressive disorder and their implications for clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2014;75(1):8–14.

Papavasiliou PS, Miller ST, Palat G et al. Selective disturbances of serum mineral profiles by electroconvulsive therapy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1985;173(7):

-5.

Payne NA, Prudic J. Electroconvulsive therapy: Part I. A perspective on the evolution and current practice of ECT. J Psychiatr Pract. 2009;15(5):346-68.

Piechal A, Blecharz-Klin K, Pyrzanowska J et al. Maternal zinc supplementation improves spatial memory in rat pups. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;147(1-3): 299-308.

Pigot M, Andrade C, Loo C. Pharmacological attenuation of electroconvulsive therapy—induced cognitive deficits: theoretical background and clinical findings. J ECT 2008;24:57-67.

Porter RJ, Bourke C, Gallagher P. Neuropsychological impairment in major depression: its nature, origin and clinical significance. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2007;41:115-128.

Prakash J, Kotwal A, Prabhu H.Therapeutic and prophylactic utility of the memory-enhancing drug donepezil hydrochloride on cognition of patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy: a randomized controlled trial.J ECT. 2006;22(3):163-8.

Prakash J, Srivastava K, Manandhar P, Saha A. Evaluation of nonmemory cognitive parameters in psychiatric patients’ pre- and post-electroconvulsive therapy: An observational study. Ind Psychiatry J. 2015;24(2):206-9.

Prudic J, Fitzsimons L, Nobler MS et al. Naloxone in the prevention of the adverse cognitive effects of ECT: a within-subject, placebo controlled study. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;21(2):285-93.

Prudic J, Olfson M, Marcus SC et al. Effectiveness of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Biol. Psychiatry. 2004;55(3):301–312.

Prudic J, Peyser S, Sackeim HA. Subjective memory complaints: a review of patient self-assessment of memory after electroconvulsive therapy. J. ECT. 2000;16(2):121–132.

Rami L, Bernardo M, Boget T et al. 2004. Cognitive status of psychiatric patients under maintenance electroconvulsive therapy: a one-year longitudinal study.J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004 Fall;16(4):465-71.

Rami-González L, Bernardo M, Portella MJ et al. [Assessment of frontal functions in psychiatric patients during maintenance electroconvulsive therapy]. [Article in Spanish]. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2003;31(2):69-72.

Rami-González L, Salamero M, Boget T et al, 2003. Pattern of cognitive dysfunction in depressive patients during maintenance electroconvulsive therapy.Psychol Med. 2003;33(2):345-50.

Rampton AJ, Griffin RM, Stuart CS et al. Comparison of methohexital and propofol for electroconvulsive therapy: effects on hemodynamic responses and seizure duration. Anesthesiology. 1989;70(3):412-7.

Rao NP, Palaniyappan P, Chandur J et al. Successful use of donepezil in treatment of cognitive impairment caused by maintenance electroconvulsive therapy: a case report.J ECT. 2009;25(3):216-8.

Rao V, Lyketsos CG. The benefits and risks of ECT for patients with primary dementia who also suffer from depression. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry. 2000;15(8):729–735.

Roman GC, Sachdev P, Royall DR et al. Vascular cognitive disorder: a new diagnostic category updating vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2004;226(1):2,81–87.

Rudorfer MV, Manji HK, Potter WZ. ECT and delirium in Parkinson’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry.1992;149(12):1758–1759. author reply 1759–1760.

Rybakowski JK, Bodnar A, Krzywotulski M et al. Ketamine Anesthesia, Efficacy of Electroconvulsive Therapy, and Cognitive Functions in Treatment-Resistant Depression. J ECT. 2016;32(3):164-8.

Sachs GS, Gelenberg AJ, Bellinghausen B et al. Ergoloid mesylates and ECT. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50(3):87-90.

Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP et al. The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2007;32(1):244–54.

Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP et al. A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of bilateral and right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy at different stimulus intensities. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:

–434.

Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Devanand DP et al. Effects of stimulus intensity and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. New England Journal of Medicine. 1993;328:839–846.

Sackeim HA, Prudic J, Nobler MS et al. Effects of pulse width and electrode placement on the efficacy and cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy. Brain Stimulation. 2008;1(2):71–83.

Sadananda SK, Narayanaswamy JC, Srinivasaraju R, Math SB. Delirium during the course of electroconvulsive therapy in a patient on lithium carbonate treatment. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry. 2013;35(6):678, e1–e2.

Sandyk R, Pardeshi R. The relationship between ECT nonresponsiveness and calcification of the pineal gland in bipolar patients. Int J Neurosci. 1990;54(3-4):301-6.

Sattin A. The role of TRH and related peptides in the mechanism of action of ECT. J ECT. 1999 Mar;15(1):76-92.

Sedighinejad A, Nabi BN, Haghighi M, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy-related cognitive impairment and choice of anesthesia: the tipping point. J ECT. 2015;31(2):101-4.

Semkovska M, Keane D, Babalola O, McLoughlin DM. Unilateral brief-pulse electroconvulsive therapy and cognition: Effects of electrode placement, stimulus dosage and time. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2011;45(6):770–780.

Semkovska M, McLoughlin DM. Objective cognitive performance associated with electroconvulsive therapy for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Psychiatry. 2010;68(6):568–577.

Shahriari A, Khooshideh M, Sheikh M. Amlodipine and the Successful Management of Post-Electroconvulsive Therapy Agitation. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2016;2016:3962491.

Shapira B, Tubi N, Lerer B. Balancing speed of response to ECT in major depression and adverse cognitive effects: role of treatmentschedule. J ECT. 2000;16(2):97-109.

Shorter E, Healy D. New Brunswick, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 2007, 382 pp.

Sienaert P, Vansteelandt K, Demyttenaere K, Peuskens J. Randomized comparison of ultra-brief bifrontal and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: cognitive side-effects. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2010;122(1–2):60–7.

Small JG, Small IF, Milstein V et al. Effects of ACTH 4-10 on ECT-induced memory dysfunctions. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1977;55(4):241-50.

Song GM, Tian X, Shuai T et al. Treatment of Adults With Treatment-Resistant Depression: Electroconvulsive Therapy Plus Antidepressant orElectroconvulsive Therapy Alone? Evidence From an Indirect Comparison Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(26):e1052.

Spaans HP, Verwijk E, Comijs HC et al. Efficacy and cognitive side effects after brief pulse and ultrabrief pulse right unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: A randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2013;74:e1029–e1036.

Spanis CW, Squire LR. Memory and convulsive stimulation: Effects of stimulus waveform. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1981;138(9):1177–1181.

Spellman T, Peterchev AV, Lisanby SH. Focal electrically administered seizure therapy: a novel form of ECT illustrates the roles of current directionality, polarity, and electrode configuration in seizure induction.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(8):2002–10.

Spellman T, Peterchev AV, Lisanby SH.Focal electrically administered seizure therapy: a novel form of ECT illustrates the roles of current directionality, polarity, and electrode configuration in seizure induction.Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009;34(8):2002-10.

Squire LR, Chace PW. Memory functions six to nine months after electroconvulsive therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1975;32(12):1557–1564.

Squire LR. Memory functions as affected by electroconvulsive therapy. Annals New York Academy of Sciences. 1986;462:307–314.

Stern Y, Gurland B, Tatemichi TK et al. Influence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer’s Disease. JAMA.1994;271(13):1004–10.

Stewart CA, Reid IC. Ketamine prevents ECS-induced synaptic enhancement in rat hippocampus.Neurosci Lett. 1994;178(1):11-4.

Sudha S, Andrade C, Anand A et al. Nitroprusside and ECS-induced retrograde amnesia. J ECT. 2001;17(1):41-4.

Sullivan PM, Sinz EH, Gunel E, Kofke WA.A retrospective comparison of remifentanil versus methohexital for anesthesia in electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 2004;20(4):219-24.

Sultan R, Riva-Posse P, Garlow SJ et al. Beneficial pre-ECT ketamine infusion in a patient with treatment-resistant depression. Psychosomatics. 2014;55(4):396-9.

Swartz CM, Nelson AI. Rational electroconvulsive therapy electrode placement.Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2005;2(7):37-43.

Swartz CM. Electroconvulsive therapy emergence agitation and succinylcholine dose. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis.1990;178(7):455–7.

Tang WK, Ungvari GS, Leung HC. Effect of piracetam on ECT-induced cognitive disturbances: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. J ECT. 2002;18(3):130-7.

Tremont G, Stern RA. Minimizing the cognitive effects of lithium therapy and electroconvulsive therapy using thyroid hormone. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2000;3(2):175-186.

Trevithick L, McAllister-Williams RH, Blamire A et al. Study protocol for the randomised controlled trial: Ketamine augmentation of ECT to improve outcomes in depression (Ketamine-ECT study). BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:257.

Tripathi A, Winek NC, Goel K et al. Electroconvulsive therapy pre-treatment with low dose propofol: comparison with unmodified treatment. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;53:173-9.

Trivedi JK. Cognitive deficits in psychiatric disorders: Current status. Indian J Psychiatry. 2006;48(1):10-20.

Tzabazis A, Schmitt HJ, Ihmsen H et al. Postictal agitation after electroconvulsive therapy: incidence, severity, and propofol as a treatment option. J ECT. 2013;29(3):189-95.

van Schaik AM, Rhebergen D, Henstra MJ et al. Cognitive Impairment and Electroconvulsive Therapy in Geriatric Depression, What Could be the Role of Rivastigmine? A Case Series. Clin Pract. 2015;5(3):780.

Vothknecht S, Kho KH, van Schaick HW et al, 2003. Effects of maintenance electroconvulsive therapy on cognitive functions.J ECT. 2003;19(3):151-7.

Warnell RL, Swartz CM, Thomson A. Propofol interruption of ECT seizure to reduce side-effects: a pilot study. Psychiatry Res. 2010;175(1-2):184-5.

Weiner RD, Rogers HJ, Davidson JR, Squire LR. Effects of stimulus parameters on cognitive side effects. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1986;462:315–325.

Weiner RD. The first ECT devices. Convulsive Therapy. 1988;4(1):50–61.

Yalcin S, Aydogan H, Selek S et al. Ketofol in electroconvulsive therapy anesthesia: two stones for one bird. J Anesth. 2012;26(4):562-7.

Yoosefi A, Sepehri AS, Kargar M et al. Comparing effects of ketamine and thiopental administration during electroconvulsive therapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind study.J ECT. 2014;30(1):15-21.

Zervas IM, Calev A, Jandorf L, Fink M. Blood Pressure, Memory, and Electroconvulsive Therapy. Convuls Ther. 1993;9.

Zervas IM, Pehlivanidis AA, Papakostas YG et al. Effects of TRH administration on orientation time and recall after ECT. J ECT. 1998;14(4):

-40.

Zhong X, He H, Zhang C et al. Mood and neuropsychological effects of different doses of ketamine in electroconvulsive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2016;201:124-30.

Zink M, Sartorius A, Lederbogen F et al. Electroconvulsive therapy in a patient receiving rivastigmine. J ECT 2002;18:162-4.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.12731/wsd-2016-12-200-272

Ссылки

  • На текущий момент ссылки отсутствуют.


Bookmark and Share


(c) 2017 В мире научных открытий



ISSN 2658-6649 (print)

ISSN 2658-6657 (online)

HotLog Яндекс цитирования